Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts
                                    Richard E. Klabunde, Ph.D.

Microcirculation Structure and Function

The microcirculation is comprised of arterioles, capillaries, venules, and terminal lymphatic vessels.

Arterioles

• Small precapillary resistance vessels (10-50 µ) composed of an endothelium surrounded by one or more layers of smooth muscle cells.
  

• Richly innervated by sympathetic adrenergic fibers and highly responsive to sympathetic vasoconstriction via both a ₁ and a ₂ postjunctional receptors.
  

• Represent a major site for regulating systemic vascular resistance.
  

• Rhythmical contraction and relaxation of arterioles sometimes occurs (i.e., spontaneous vasomotion).
  

• Primary function within an organ is flow regulation, thereby determining oxygen delivery and the washout of metabolic by-products.
  

• Regulate, in part, capillary hydrostatic pressure and therefore influence capillary fluid exchange.

Capillaries

• Small exchange vessels (6-10 µ) composed of highly attenuated (very thin) endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane – no smooth muscle.
  

• Three structural classifications:

Continuous (found in muscle, skin, lung, central nervous system) – basement membrane is continuous and intercellular clefts are tight (i.e., have tight junctions); these capillaries have the lowest permeability. 

Fenestrated (found in exocrine glands, renal glomeruli, intestinal mucosa) – perforations (fenestrae) in endothelium result in relatively high permeability.

 

Discontinuous (found in liver, spleen, bone marrow) – large intercellular gaps and gaps in basement membrane result in extremely high permeability. 

 

• Large surface area and relatively high permeability (especially at intercellular clefts) to fluid and macromolecules make capillaries the primary site of exchange for fluid, electrolytes, gases, and macromolecules.

• In some organs, precapillary sphincters (a circular band of smooth muscle at entrance to capillary) can regulate the number of perfused capillaries.

Venules

• Small exchange vessels (10-50 µ) composed of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane (smallest postcapillary venules) and smooth muscle (larger venules).
  

• Fluid and macromolecular exchange occur most prominently at venular junctions.
  

• Sympathetic innervation of larger venules can alter venular tone which plays a role in regulating capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Terminal Lymphatics

• Composed of endothelium with intercellular gaps surrounded by highly permeable basement membrane and are similar in size to venules – terminal lymphatics end as blind sacs.
  

• Larger lymphatics also have smooth muscle cells.
  

• Spontaneous and stretch-activated vasomotion is present which serves to "pump" lymph.
  

• Sympathetic nerves can modulate vasomotion and cause contraction.
  

• One-way valves direct lymph away from the tissue and eventually back into the systemic circulation via the thoracic duct and subclavian veins (2-4 liters/day returned).

DISCLAIMER: These materials are for educational purposes only, and are not a source of medical decision-making advice.

© 1999-2007 Richard E. Klabunde, all rights reserved.